Hydroxychloroquine – CAS 118-42-3

Description

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), sold under the brand name Plaquenil among others, is a medication used to prevent and treat malaria in areas where malaria remains sensitive to chloroquine. Other uses include treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and porphyria cutanea tarda. Hydroxychloroquine is also being studied as an experimental treatment for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Hydroxychloroquine is in the antimalarial and 4-aminoquinoline families of medications, and it was approved for medical use in the United States in 1955. It is one of the Essential Medicines in the World Health Organization’s List, the safest and most effective medicine needed in a health system, even though it has lots of common side effects (vomiting, headache, changes in vision, and muscle weakness).

Chemicals are distributed worldwide

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References

• Yao, X.; Ye, F.; Zhang, M.; Cui, C.; Huang, B.; Niu, P.; Liu, X.; Zhao, L.; Dong, E.; Song, C., In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Clinical Infectious Diseases 2020.
• Touret, F.; de Lamballerie, X., Of chloroquine and COVID-19. Antiviral research 2020, 104762.
• Schrezenmeier, E.; Dörner, T., Mechanisms of action of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: implications for rheumatology. Nature Reviews Rheumatology 2020, 1-12.
• Gautret, P.; Lagier, J.-C.; Parola, P.; Meddeb, L.; Mailhe, M.; Doudier, B.; Courjon, J.; Giordanengo, V.; Vieira, V. E.; Dupont, H. T., Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 2020, 105949.
• Devaux, C. A.; Rolain, J.-M.; Colson, P.; Raoult, D., New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19? International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 2020, 105938.
• Colson, P.; Rolain, J.-M.; Lagier, J.-C.; Brouqui, P.; Raoult, D., Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as available weapons to fight COVID-19. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 2020, 105932.
• Yusuf, I.; Sharma, S.; Luqmani, R.; Downes, S., Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Eye 2017, 31 (6), 828-845.
• Ponticelli, C.; Moroni, G., Hydroxychloroquine in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Expert opinion on drug safety 2017, 16 (3), 411-419.
• Marmor, M. F.; Kellner, U.; Lai, T. Y.; Melles, R. B.; Mieler, W. F., Recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy (2016 revision). Ophthalmology 2016, 123 (6), 1386-1394.
• Ben-Zvi, I.; Kivity, S.; Langevitz, P.; Shoenfeld, Y., Hydroxychloroquine: from malaria to autoimmunity. Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology 2012, 42 (2), 145-153.
• Marmor, M. F.; Kellner, U.; Lai, T. Y.; Lyons, J. S.; Mieler, W. F., Revised recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Ophthalmology 2011, 118 (2), 415-422.
• Clowse, M. E.; Magder, L.; Witter, F.; Petri, M., Hydroxychloroquine in lupus pregnancy. Arthritis & Rheumatism: Official Journal of the American College of Rheumatology 2006, 54 (11), 3640-3647.
• Wallace, D., The use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for non-infectious conditions other than rheumatoid arthritis or lupus: a critical review. Lupus 1996, 5 (1_suppl), 59-64.
• Fox, R. I. In Mechanism of action of hydroxychloroquine as an antirheumatic drug, Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism, Elsevier: 1993; pp 82-91.
• Van Der Heijde, D.; Van Riel, P.; Gribnau, F.; Nuver-Zwart, I.; Van De Putte, L., Effects of hydroxychloroquine and sulphasalazine on progression of joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis. The Lancet 1989, 333 (8646), 1036-1038.